什么是精神分裂症？ 精神分裂症应该如何治疗

对于精神分裂症，想必很多人都并不陌生。近日，一段网传的“女子抢小孩”视频，引发众多网友关注。

4月9日晚，成都金牛警方官方微博发布通报，视频中女子刘某某已被挡获，并被送往成都市第四人民医院作精神鉴定。

4月10日，金牛区金泉派出所向社会公布刘某某的精神鉴定结果，确为精神分裂症。

那么什么是精神分裂症呢?

精神分裂症是一组病因未明的精神病，与现实缺乏联系，存在幻觉、妄想和异常思维，社会功能明显损害。多起病于青壮年，是比较常见的重性精神疾病之一，在成年人口中的终生患病率将近1%。发病高峰年龄段集中在成年早期：男性为15～25岁，女性晚2～3岁。精神分裂症病人发展成物质依赖，尤其是尼古丁依赖的危险性明显增加，50%的病人曾试图自杀，约10%的病人然后死于自杀。此外精神分裂症病人遭受意外伤害的几率高于常人，平均寿命缩短。

那么精神分裂症的症状有哪些?

1、思维破裂。患者思考问题时没有中心，第1个念头和第2个念头之间缺乏任何联系，讲话时前言不搭后语，颠三倒四，有头无尾，缺乏条理。医生无法与思维破裂的患者进行语言交流和进行医疗检查。

2、情感障碍。对亲人疏远、冷淡，甚至敌对。对一切事物表现冷淡，漠不关心，整天闷坐，胡思乱想。情感障碍明显的患者失去自我管理的能力，严重影响进食、睡眠和休息，对患者自身的健康造成严重的危害。

3、感知觉障碍

精神分裂症可出现多种感知觉障碍，比较明显的感知觉障碍是幻觉，包括幻听、幻视、幻嗅、幻味及幻触等，而幻听比较常见。

那么精神分裂症如何治疗?

1、改变自己的性格

要改变自己的性格尽量培养一些兴趣爱好，转移注意力，多发现美好的事物。性格不只是影响一个人的行为习性，它还能决定人的成败。好的兴趣爱好的养成是有助于病情的好转的!

2、支持性心理治疗

通过指导、劝解、疏导、鼓励、安慰，以至一定的，让病人知道自己不是孤立无援的，树立起战胜疾病的勇气和信心，并进而从超负荷的心理压力下，解脱出来，恢复心理的平衡，甚至然后治疗各种症状，这就是支持性心理治疗。

3、个别心理治疗

根据患者个人的临床情况、应对能力及个人意愿，采用支持性心理治疗技术，对患者进行心理治疗干预，以减少复发，减少社会应激，增进社会及职业功能。理想的个人心理治疗比较好以富于同情、善解人意的持续性的人际关系为基础。结合各种不同的治疗技术。其具体治疗目标应按疾病的不同时期进行规划。较适合于精神分裂症的心理治疗技术有激励治疗和行为治疗等。

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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality, language disturbances, fragmentation of thought and other troubling symptoms. The cost of caring for schizophrenic patients comes to more than $17 billion per year in this country -- but this figure can never capture the emotional cost borne by patients and their families. While schizophrenia is often made worse by stress, it is not caused by bad parenting, "cold" or over-involved mothers, or any other known psychological factor. Rather, schizophrenia probably stems from a combination of genetic factors, biochemical abnormalities in the brain and perhaps very early damage to the developing fetus. Nevertheless, emotional stress -- including pressure from well-meaning family members -- can make the illness worse. What can families do to help their schizophrenic relatives, and to cope with this devastating illness?

Education is certainly paramount. Many parents still blame themselves for causing their son's or daughter's illness; others accuse the afflicted family member of laziness or self-indulgence. This sort of assigning blame is founded in error, and can make matters worse for the individual with schizophrenia. For example, when a family member tells the sufferer, "You don't need those lousy medications! You need to pull yourself together and get a job!" he or she may mean well, but may actually do more harm than good. Individuals with schizophrenia virtually always need to take antipsychotic medication -- they cannot "pull themselves up by their bootstraps" through an act of will.

On the other hand, babying or coddling a family member with schizophrenia is also unhelpful. There is a realistic middle ground that can be reached through family education and support. This can come from mental-health professionals, mental-health advocacy groups and from patients themselves.

Medication and Job Counseling

Use of the latest "atypical" antipsychotic medications, such as clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), has made a big difference for many individuals with schizophrenia. These newer medications are better tolerated than older agents like haloperidol (Haldol) and work on a wider range of symptoms. Families can advocate for the use of these newer agents, and encourage their loved ones with schizophrenia to take their medications on a regular basis. But medication is not the whole story.

CONTINUED

While it is foolish to "push" schizophrenic individuals into high-pressure jobs for which they may not be ready, it is also unwise to assume that schizophrenia amounts to a permanent disability. Many individuals with this illness can rejoin the workforce, with appropriate vocational rehabilitation and lots of emotional support.

In fact, a recent study by Dr. R.E. Drake and colleagues at Dartmouth Medical School found that many patients get into the job market faster than was once thought. Rather than getting "stalled" in the usual sheltered workshops, the patients in this study were able to secure competitive jobs quite rapidly, and hold these jobs. This was probably because the patients received ongoing counseling, transportation assistance and help in dealing with their employers.

he Right Kind of Therapy

The right kind of psychotherapy is also important. Individuals with schizophrenia need to learn how to cope with the realities of their illness. In this regard, family members can be a tremendous help. Dr. M.I. Herz and colleagues at the University of Rochester conducted an 18-month study in 1995 of 82 schizophrenic outpatients at high risk for relapse. Forty-one patients were randomly assigned to "standard treatment" and 41 to "early-intervention treatment" (EIT). The latter consisted of weekly group or individual sessions, in which coping skills were emphasized, as well as reporting any changes in symptoms over the preceding week. Patients and family members were also taught about schizophrenia and how to recognize very early signs of a psychotic relapse.

When such signs were reported, more frequent office visits and/or adjustment of medications would occur. Results showed that patients in the standard treatment group were hospitalized for a total of 351 days, vs. only 73 days for those in EIT. Thus, family members who are educated about schizophrenia can make a big difference in the lives of their loved ones.

Finally, family members can join and support mental-health advocacy groups like the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), which provides important services to both patients and their families.

Facts about Mental Illness

Mental illnesses are physical brain disorders that profoundly disrupt a person's ability to think, feel and relate to others and their environment.

Mental illness is more common than cancer, diabetes or heart disease.

In any given year, more than five million Americans suffer from an acute episode of mental illness.

One-in-every-five families is affected in their lifetime by a severe mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or major depression.

A conservative estimate is that a total of 12 percent (7.5 million) of the country's 63 million youths under age 18 have mental, behavioral or developmental disorders. Yet only one-fifth of these children and adolescents who need mental-health treatment receive it.

The treatment success rate for schizophrenia is 60 percent; for major depression, 65 percent; and for bipolar disorder, 80 percent. Comparatively, the success rate for the treatment of heart disease ranges from 41 percent to 52 percent.

The number-one reason for hospital admissions nationwide is a psychiatric condition. At any moment, almost 21 percent of all hospital beds in the United States are filled by people with a mental illness.

The total price tag of mental illnesses in the United States is $81 billion, including direct costs (hospitalizations, medications) and indirect costs (lost wages, family caregiving, losses due to suicide).

Despite media focus on the exceptions, individuals receiving treatment for schizophrenia are no more prone to violence than the general public.

On any given day, approximately 150,000 people with severe mental illness are homeless, living on the streets or in public shelters.

Roughly 80 percent to 90 percent of people with serious brain disorders are unemployed.

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